that by no means

General subject: on-eBay

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1) stuff, material (svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nökkuru efni); ek em görr af ústyrku efni, I am made of frail stuff; cf. biskups-, brúðar-, fægðar-, konu-, konungs-, mágs-, manns-, mungáts-, smíðar-efni;

2) matter of discourse, subject, theme (þryti mér fyrr stundin til frásagnar en efnit til umrœðu) eigi með sönnu e., with untrue statement, falsely; nú er úti mitt e., now my story is at an end;

3) matter, affair (segir konungr frá öllu þessu e.); fátt er betr látit en e. eru tíl, few things are reported better than they really are;

4) cause, reason; látast báðir af því e., both die from this cause; fyrir þat e. (for that reason) keypti hann landit

5) state, condition, affair; sagði, hver e. í vóru, he told how matters stood; ek veit eigi görla e. Gunnlaugs, how G.’s affairs stand; kominn í úvænt e., into a critical condition; óttalauss í öllu e., in every respect; er þessi hlutr kom til efnis, when this came aboitt; berr þat til efnis, at, it happens that;

6) pl., means; ok bjuggust um eptir þeim efnum, sem þeir höfðu til, according to their means; engi vóru e. annars, þar vóru engi e. önnur, there was no other chance or choice.

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n. [Swed. ämne = stuff, materia, and Dan. ævne = achievement]:—a stuff, originally like Lat. materia, timber; and so the stuff or material out of which a thing is wrought; auðskæf mærðar e., Ad. 16; at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, that all things were wrought ( created) of some stuff, Edda 147 (pref.); skapa af engu efni, to create from nothing (of God), Fms. i. 304; efni ( materials) til garðbóta, Grág. ii. 263, Sks. 287 (of a cloth); ek em görr af ústyrku efni, I am made of frail stuff, 543, Barl. 140, Stj. 17, 67; smíðar-efni, materials; efni-tré, a block, tree; efni í ljá, orf, etc., or of any piece fitted as materials.

β. in a personal sense; manns-efni, a promising young man: karls-efni, a thorough man, a nickname, Landn.: the proverb, engi veit hvar sæls manns efni sitr, of youths of whom no one can tell what may be hidden in them; þegns e. = manns-efni, Stor. 11: gott manns-e., gott bónda-e., promising to be an able man; and on the other hand, ónýtt, illt manns-e., in whom there is nothing.

γ. merely in temp. sense, applied to persons designate or elect; konungs-e., a crown prince; biskups-e., a bishop-elect; brúðar-e., a bride-elect; konu-e., one’s future wife.

δ. a subject, of a story, book, or the like, Lat. argumentum, plot; yrkis e., Íd. 11; e. kvæða, a plot, subject for poetry; sögu-e., a subject for tales or history; in old writers it rarely occurs exactly in this sense: the contents of a written thing, bréfs-e., efni í bók; hence efnis-laust, adj. void, empty writing; efnis-leysa, u, f. emptiness in writing; Björn hafði ort flim um Þórð, en þau vóru þar efni í, at …, but that was the subject of the poem, that …, Bjarn. 42; þótti mönnum þar mikit um, hversu mikil efni þar vóru til seld, i. e. people thought the tale interesting, Ld. 200; eigi með sönnu efni, falsely, with untrue statements, Sturl. iii. 305: hvárt efni þeir höfðu í um rógit, how they had made ( mixed) their lies up, Eg. 59; meir en efni sé til seld, i. e. ( related) more than what was true, the tale was overdone, Bs. i. 137; talar af sama efni ( subject) sem fyrrum, Fms. ix. 252.

2. metaph. a matter, affair; til sanninda um sagt e., Dipl. i. 8; segir konungi frá öllu þessu e., Sturl. i. 3; er þat merkjanda í þessu e., Rb. 250; fátt er betr látið enn efni eru til (a proverb), few things are reported better than they really are, Band. 2; fyrir hvert efni, for this reason.

β. a cause, reason; látask báðir af því e., both died from this cause, Ísl. ii. 197; með hverju e. Sturla hefði þessa för gört, what was the reason of S.’s doing so? Sturl. ii. 132; gleði e., sorgar e., matter of joy, sorrow, etc.: the proverb, en hvert mál, er maðr skal dæma, verðr at líta á tilgörð með efnum ( causes), Eg. 417; fyrir þat efni ( for that reason) keypti hann landit, Hrafn. 22, H. E. i. 471; en þetta efni ( cause) fundu þeir til, Sks. 311.

γ. a state, condition, affair; Rútr sagði allt e. sitt, Nj. 4; í úvænt efni, a hopeless state, Band. (MS.) 13, Ísl. ii. 225; ek veit eigi görla efni Gunnlaugs, I know not how Gunlaug’s matters stand, 240; Helgi kvað eigi þat efni í, at láta lausan þjóf fjölkunnigan, H. said that it would never do, to let a thief and wizard go, Sturl. i. 62; ef þess eru efni, if that be so, Grág. i. 76; sér, hvers efni í eru, he saw how matters stood, Band. (MS.) 11; sagði hver efni í voru, said how matters stood, Nj. 99; mér þykir sem málum várum sé komið í únýtt efni, ef …, 150; munu ill efni í, some mischief may have happened, Fs. 144; gott, þungt e., Karl. 402, Bs. i. 815; e-t gengr, kemr svá til efnis, happens so and so, Mar. (Fr.); skipta sitt líf í betra e., to repent, id.; bera til efnis, to happen, Pr. 410.

3. plur. means, ability; minni nytjamenn af meirum efnum en hann, Sturl. i. 126; eptir sínum efnum, to the best of their ability, Hom. 123; ok bjoggusk um eptir þeim efnum sem þeir höfðu til, Orkn. 360; sjái þér nökkuð ráð ( possibility) eðr efni vár ( means), 358; grunar mik, at Þórólfr muni eigi görr kunna at sjá efni sín, i. e. I fear that Th. will overrate his own means, power, Eg. 76; þá væri þat efni nú í vóru máli, it would be a chance for us, Fms. ix. 239; þar vóru engi efni önnur, there was no other chance, xi. 144; nú eru þess eigi efni, if that be impossible, Grág. ii. 140; hér eru engin efni til þess at ek muna svíkja hann, i. e. I will by no means deceive him, it is out of the question that I should do so, Eg. 60.

β. in mod. usage, means, property, riches.

COMPDS: efnafæð, efnalauss, efnaleysi, efnalítill, efnaskortr.

χάρις, ιτος, ἡ (Hom.+) acc. quite predom. χάριν, but χάριτα Ac 24:27; 25:9 v.l.; Jd 4 and pl. χάριτας Ac 24:27 v.l.; 1 Cl 23:1 (Eur., Hel. 1378; Hdt. 6, 41; X., Hell. 3, 5, 16; ins, pap; Zech 4:7; 6:14; EpArist 272, pl. 230.—B-D-F §47, 3; W-S. §9, 7; Mayser 271f; Thackeray 150; Helbing 40f; Mlt-H. 132.—It seems that χάρις is not always clearly differentiated in mng. fr. χαρά; Apollodorus [II B.C.]: 244 Fgm. 90 Jac. says in the second book περὶ θεῶν: κληθῆναι δὲ αὐτὰς ἀπὸ μὲν τ. χαρᾶς Χάριτας• καὶ γὰρ πολλάκις … οἱ ποιηταὶ τ. χάριν χαρὰν καλοῦσιν ‘the [deities] Charites are so called from χαρά [joy], for poets freq. equate χάρις with χαρά’. Cp. the wordplay AcPl Ha 8, 7 χαρᾶς καὶ χάριτος the house was filled with gaiety and gratitude.).

① a winning quality or attractiveness that invites a favorable reaction, graciousness, attractiveness, charm, winsomeness (Hom.+; Jos., Ant. 2, 231) of human form and appearance παῖς λίαν εὐειδής ἐν χάριτι an exceptionally fine-looking and winsome youth AcPl Ha 3, 13. Of speech (Demosth. 51, 9; Ps.-Demetr. [I A.D.], Eloc. §127; 133; 135 al.; Eccl 10:12; Sir 21:16; Jos., Ant. 18, 208) οἱ λόγοι τῆς χάριτος (gen. of quality) the gracious words Lk 4:22. ὁ λόγος ὑμῶν πάντοτε ἐν χάριτι let your conversation always be winsome Col 4:6 (cp. Plut., Mor. 514f; s. also HAlmqvist, Plut. u. das NT ’46, 121f; Epict. 3, 22, 90). τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ χάριτος ἐπληροῦτο MPol 12:1 can also be placed here in case χάρις means nothing more than graciousness (s. 4 below); prob. also GJs 7:3 (s. 3b).

② a beneficent disposition toward someone, favor, grace, gracious care/help, goodwill (almost a t.t. in the reciprocity-oriented world dominated by Hellenic influence [cp. e.g. OGI 669, 29] as well as by the Semitic sense of social obligation expressed in the term חֶסֶד [NGlueck, Das Wort ḥesed in alttestamentlichen Sprachgebrauche etc. 1927]. Of a different order and spirit is the subset of reciprocity known as Roman patronage, in which superiority of the donor over the client is clearly maintained)

ⓐ act., that which one grants to another, the action of one who volunteers to do someth. not otherwise obligatory χάρις θεοῦ ἦν ἐπʼ αὐτό Lk 2:40. ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ (cp. τῇ τοῦ θεοῦ Κλαυδίου χάριτι OGI 669, 29) Ac 11:2 D; 14:26. τοῦ κυρίου 15:40.—Esp. of the beneficent intention of God (cp. χ. in reference to God: Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1005 σοὶ θεόθεν χάρις ἔσσεται; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 40 χ. τῶν θεῶν; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 320 D.; 53 p. 620; Sextus 436b; likew. in LXX, Philo, Joseph.; SibOr 4, 46=189; 5, 330; Ezk. Trag. 162 [Eus., PE 9, 29, 12].—χ. to denote beneficent dispensations of the emperor: OGI 669, 44 [I A.D.]; BGU 19 I, 21 [II A.D.] χάρ. τοῦ θεοῦ Αὐτοκράτορος; 1085 II, 4) and of Christ, who give (undeserved) gifts to people; God: δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι Ro 3:24. Cp. 5:15a, 20f; 6:1; 11:5 (ἐκλογή 1), 6abc; Gal 1:15 (διά A 3e); Eph 1:6f (KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 337 [reff. to Qumran lit.]); 2:5, 7, 8; cp. Pol 1:3; 2 Th 1:12; 2:16; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 2:11 (ἡ χάρ. τοῦ θεοῦ σωτήριος; s. Dibelius, Hdb. exc. after Tit 2:14); 3:7; Hb 2:9 (χωρίς 2aα); 4:16a (DdeSilva, JBL 115, ’96, 100–103); 1 Cl 50:3; ISm 9:2; IPol 7:3. ἐν χάρ[ιτι θεοῦ] AcPl Ha 7, 23 (restoration uncertain). κατὰ χάριν as a favor, out of goodwill (cp. Pla., Leg. 740c; schol. on Soph., Oed. Col. 1751 p. 468 Papag.) Ro 4:4 (opp. κατὰ ὀφείλημα), 16.—The beneficence or favor of Christ: διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ πιστεύομεν σωθῆναι Ac 15:11. Cp. Ro 5:15b; 2 Cor 8:9; 1 Ti 1:14; IPhld 8:1. On Ac 2:47 in this sense s. TAnderson, NTS 34, ’88, 604–10.

ⓑ pass., that which one experiences fr. another (Arrian, Anab. Alex. 3, 26, 4) χάριν ἔχειν have favor 3J 4 v.l. πρός τινα with someone=win his respect Ac 2:47 (cp. 2a end; cp. Pind., O. 7, 89f χάριν καὶ ποτʼ ἀστῶν καὶ ποτὶ ξείνων grant him respect in the presence of his townfolk as well as strangers); παρά τινι (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 89 §376) Hm 10, 3, 1, cp. 5, 1, 5. εὑρεῖν χάριν παρά τινι (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 77, end) Lk 1:30; Hs 5, 2, 10; ἐνώπιόν τινος Ac 7:46; GJs 11:2 (JosAs 15:14). ἐν τοῖς μέλλουσι μετανοεῖν among those who are about to repent Hm 12, 3, 3. Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ καὶ ἀνθρώποις Lk 2:52 (an indication of exceptional ἀρετή, cp. Pind. above). Cp. Ac 4:33; 7:10 (ἐναντίον Φαραώ); Hb 4:16b.—ποία ὑμῖν χάρις ἐστίν; what credit is that to you? Lk 6:32–34; s. D 1:3; 2 Cl 13:4. Cp. 1 Cor 9:16 v.l. In these passages the mng. comes close to reward (s. Wetter [5 below] 209ff w. reff.).—Also by metonymy that which brings someone (God’s) favor or wins a favorable response fr. God 1 Pt 2:19, 20.

ⓒ In Christian epistolary lit. fr. the time of Paul χάρις is found w. the sense (divine) favor in fixed formulas at the beginning and end of letters (Zahn on Gal 1:3; vDobschütz on 1 Th 1:1; ELohmeyer, ZNW 26, 1927, 158ff; APujol, De Salutat. Apost. ‘Gratia vobis et pax’: Verb. Dom. 12, ’32, 38–40; 76–82; WFoerster, TW II ’34, 409ff; Goodsp., Probs. 141f. S. also the lit. s.v. χαίρω 2b). At the beginning of a letter χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη (sc. εἴη; New Docs 8, 127f) Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:2; Phlm 3; Rv 1:4; without ὑμῖν Tit 1:4. χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 Pt 1:2; 2 Pt 1:2; 1 Cl ins. χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; 2J 3 (on the triplet cp. En 5:7 φῶς καὶ χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη).—At the end ἡ χάρις (τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ etc.) μεθʼ ὑμῶν (or μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν etc.) Ro 16:20, 23 (24) v.l.; 1 Cor 16:23; 2 Cor 13:13; Gal 6:18; Eph 6:24; Phil 4:23; Col 4:18; 1 Th 5:28; 2 Th 3:18; 1 Ti 6:21; 2 Ti 4:22; Tit 3:15; Phlm 25; Hb 13:25; Rv 22:21; 1 Cl 65:2. ἔσται ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων τῶν φοβουμένων τὸν Κύριον GJs 25:2. ὁ κύριος τῆς δόξης καὶ πάσης χάριτος μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν B 21:9. χάρις ὑμῖν, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη, ὑπομονὴ διὰ παντός ISm 12:2. ἔρρωσθε ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ 13:2.

③ practical application of goodwill, (a sign of) favor, gracious deed/gift, benefaction

ⓐ on the part of humans (X., Symp. 8, 36, Ages. 4, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 49 §213; Dionys. Hal. 2, 15, 4) χάριν (-ιτα) καταθέσθαι τινί (κατατίθημι 2) Ac 24:27; 25:9. αἰτεῖσθαι χάριν 25:3 (in these passages from Ac χ. suggests [political] favor, someth. one does for another within a reciprocity system. Cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 108 §506 ἐς χάριν Σύλλα=as a favor to Sulla; ApcSed 8:1 οὐκ ἐποίησάς μοι χάριν=you did me no favor). ἵνα δευτέραν χάριν σχῆτε that you might have a second proof of my goodwill 2 Cor 1:15 (unless χάρις here means delight [so in poetry, Pind. et al., but also Pla., Isocr.; L-S-J-M s.v. χάρις IV; cp. also the quot. fr. Apollodorus at the beg. of the present entry, and the fact that χαρά is v.l. in 2 Cor 1:15]; in that case δευτέρα means double; but s. comm.). Of the collection for Jerusalem (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 42 §173 χάριτας λαμβάνειν=receive gifts) 1 Cor 16:3; 2 Cor 8:4, 6f, 19 (DdeSilva, JBL 115, ’96, 101). Cp. B 21:7.—Eph 4:29 may suggest a demonstration of human favor (cp. Plut., Mor. 514e χάριν παρασκευάζοντες ἀλλήλοις), but a ref. to the means by which divine grace is mediated is not to be ruled out (s. b below).

ⓑ on the part of God and Christ; the context will show whether the emphasis is upon the possession of divine favor as a source of blessings for the believer, or upon a store of favor that is dispensed, or a favored status (i.e. standing in God’s favor) that is brought about, or a gracious deed wrought by God in Christ, or a gracious work that grows fr. more to more (so in contrast to the old covenant Mel., P. 3, 16 al.). God is called ὁ θεὸς πάσης χάριτος 1 Pt 5:10, i.e. God, who is noted for any conceivable benefit or favor; cp. B 21:9.—χάριν διδόναι τινί show favor to someone (Anacr. 110 Diehl; Appian, Ital. 5 §10): τὸν δόντα αὐτῷ τὴν χάριν GJs 14:2. ταπεινοῖς δίδωσι χάριν (Pr 3:34) Js 4:6b; 1 Pt 5:5; 1 Cl 30:2; without a dat. Js 4:6a (Menand., Epitr. 231 S. [55 Kö.]). Perh. καὶ ἔβαλλε κύριος … χάριν ἐπʼ αὐτήν GJs 7:3 (but s. 1 above). The Logos is πλήρης χάριτος J 1:14. Those who belong to him receive of the fullness of his grace, χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος vs. 16 (ἀντί 2). Cp. vs. 17. τὴν χάριν ταύτην ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν this favor (of God) we now enjoy Ro 5:2 (Goodsp.).—5:17; 1 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 4:15 (divine beneficence in conversion); cp. Ac 11:23; 6:1; Gal 1:6 (by Christ’s gracious deed); 2:21; 5:4; Col 1:6; 2 Ti 2:1; Hb 12:15; 13:9; 1 Pt 1:10, 13; 3:7 (συνκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς fellow-heirs of the gift that spells life; s. ζωή 2bα); 5:12; 2 Pt 3:18; Jd 4; IPhld 11:1; ISm 6:2. Christians stand ὑπὸ χάριν under God’s gracious will as expressed in their release from legal constraint Ro 6:14f, or they come ὑπὸ τὸν ζυγὸν τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 16:17 (ζυγός 1). The proclamation of salvation is the message of divine beneficence τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 20:24 or ὁ λόγος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) 14:3; 20:32. Even the gospel message can be called ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ 13:43; cp. 18:27; MPol 2:3. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος the Spirit from or through whom (God’s) favor is shown Hb 10:29 (AArgyle, Grace and the Covenant: ET 60, ’48/49, 26f).—Pl. benefits, favors (Diod S 3, 2, 4; 3, 73, 6; Sb 8139, 4 [ins of I B.C.] of Isis; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190) 1 Cl 23:1.—Nelson Glueck, Das Wort ḥesed etc. 1927, but s. FAndersen, ‘Yahweh, the Kind and Sensitive God’: God Who is Rich in Mercy, ed. PO’Brien/DPeterson ’86.

④ exceptional effect produced by generosity, favor. Of effects produced by divine beneficence which go beyond those associated with a specific Christian’s status (ins μεγάλαι χάριτες τοῦ θεου: FCumont, Syria 7, 1926, 347ff), in the congregations of Macedonia 2 Cor 8:1 and Corinth 9:14; cp. vs. 8; in Rome AcPl Ha 7, 8. The Christian confessor is in full possession of divine grace ISm 11:1. Paul knows that through the χάρις of God he has been called to be an apostle, and that he has been fitted out w. the powers and capabilities requisite for this office fr. the same source: Ro 1:5; 12:3; 15:15; 1 Cor 3:10; 15:10ab (for the subject matter cp. Polyb. 12, 12b, 3 αὐτὸν [Alex. the Great] ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου τετευχέναι τούτων ὧν ἔτυχεν=whatever he has received he has received from what is divine. [For this reason he does not deserve any divine honors.]); 2 Cor 12:9; Gal 2:9; Eph 3:2, 7f; Phil 1:7.—The χάρις of God manifests itself in various χαρίσματα: Ro 12:6; Eph 4:7; 1 Pt 4:10. This brings into view a number of passages in which χάρις is evidently to be understood in a very concrete sense. It is hardly to be differentiated fr. δύναμις (θεοῦ) or fr. γνῶσις or δόξα (q.v. 1b. On this subj. s. Wetter [5 below] p. 94ff; esp. 130ff; pap in the GLumbroso Festschr. 1925, 212ff: χάρις, δύναμις, πνεῦμα w. essentially the same mng.; PGM 4, 2438; 3165; Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Just., D. 87, 5 ἀπὸ χάριτος τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ πνεύματος). οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ ἀλλʼ ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ 2 Cor 1:12. οὐκ ἐγὼ δὲ ἀλλὰ ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ σὺν ἐμοί 1 Cor 15:10c. αὐξάνετε ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει τοῦ κυρίου 2 Pt 3:18; cp. 1 Cl 55:3; B 1:2 (τῆς δωρεᾶς πνευματικῆς χάρις). Stephen is said to be πλήρης χάριτος καὶ δυνάμεως Ac 6:8. Divine power fills the Christian confessor or martyr w. a radiant glow MPol 12:1 (but s. 1 above). As the typical quality of the age to come, contrasted w. the κόσμος D 10:6.

⑤ response to generosity or beneficence, thanks, gratitude (a fundamental component in the Gr-Rom. reciprocity system; exx. fr. later times: Diod S 11, 71, 4 [χάριτες=proofs of gratitude]; Appian, Syr. 3, 12; 13. Cp. Wetter [below] p. 206f) χάριν ἔχειν τινί be grateful to someone (Eur., Hec. 767; X., An. 2, 5, 14; Pla., Phlb. 54d; Ath. 2, 1; PLips 104, 14 [I B.C.] χάριν σοι ἔχω) foll. by ὅτι (Epict. 3, 5, 10; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 270; 2, 49) Lk 17:9 (ERiggenbach, NKZ 34, 1923, 439–43); mostly of gratitude to God or Christ; χάρις in our lit. as a whole, in the sense gratitude, refers to appropriate respone to the Deity for benefits conferred (Hom., Pind., Thu. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 7, 208) χάριν ἔχω τῷ θεῷ (POxy 113, 13 [II A.D.] χάριν ἔχω θεοῖς πᾶσιν.—Epict. 4, 7, 9) 2 Ti 1:3; foll. by ὅτι because 1 Ti 1:12 (Herm. Wr. 6, 4 κἀγὼ χάριν ἔχω τῷ θεῷ …, ὅτι; Jos., Ant. 4, 316); χάριν ἔχειν ἐπί τινι be grateful for someth. Phlm 7 v.l. (to humans). ἔχωμεν χάριν let us be thankful (to God) Hb 12:28 (the reason for it is given by the preceding ptc. παραλαμβάνοντες). Elliptically (B-D-F §128, 6; cp. Rob. 1201f) χάρις (ἔστω) τῷ θεῷ (X., Oec. 8, 16 πολλὴ χάρις τοῖς θεοῖς; Epict. 4, 4, 7 χάρις τῷ θεῳ; BGU 843, 6 [I/II A.D.] χάρις τοῖς θεοῖς al. in pap since III B.C..—Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 309) Ro 7:25; MPol 3:1. Foll. by ὅτι (X., An. 3, 3, 14 τοῖς θεοῖς χάρις ὅτι; PFay 124, 16 τοῖς θεοῖς ἐστιν χάρις ὅτι; Epict. 4, 5, 9) Ro 6:17. Foll. by ἐπί τινι for someth. (UPZ 108, 30 [99 B.C.]) 2 Cor 9:15. The reason for the thanks is given in the ptc. agreeing w. τῷ θεῷ 2:14; 8:16; 1 Cor 15:57 (cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 145; Philo, Somn. 2, 213). Thankfulness (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 15 §51 πρός τινα=toward someone) χάριτι in thankfulness 10:30. So prob. also ἐν τῇ χάριτι in a thankful spirit Col 3:16 (Dibelius, Hdb. ad loc.). πλησθῆναι χαρᾶς καὶ χάριτος AcPl Ha 8, 7. S. εὐχαριστέω, end. Also PSchubert, Form and Function of the Pauline Thanksgivings ’39.—OLoew, Χάρις, diss., Marburg 1908; GWetter, Charis 1913; AvHarnack, Sanftmut, Huld u. Demut in der alten Kirche: JKaftan Festschr. 1920, 113ff; NBonwetsch, Zur Geschichte des Begriffs Gnade in der alten Kirche: Harnack Festgabe 1921, 93–101; EBurton, Gal ICC 1921, 423f; WWhitley, The Doctrine of Grace ’32; JMoffatt, Grace in the NT ’31; RWinkler, D. Gnade im NT: ZST 10, ’33, 642–80; RHomann, D. Gnade in d. Syn. Ev.: ibid. 328–48; JWobbe, D. Charisgedanke b. Pls ’32; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 283–310 (Paul); HBoers, Ἀγάπη and Χάρις in Paul’s Thought: CBQ 59, ’97, 693–713; on 2 Cor 8: FDanker, Augsburg Comm. 2 Cor, 116–34; PRousselot, La Grâce d’après St. Jean et d’après St. Paul: SR 18, 1928, 87–108, Christent. u. Wissensch. 8, ’32, 402–30; JMontgomery, Hebrew Hesed and Gk. Charis: HTR 32, ’39, 97–102; Dodd 61f; TTorrance, The Doctrine of Grace in the Apost. Fathers, ’48; JRenié, Studia Anselmiana 27f, ’51, 340–50; CRSmith, The Bible Doctrine of Grace, ’56; EFlack, The Concept of Grace in Bibl. Thought: Bibl. Studies in Memory of HAlleman, ed. Myers, ’60, 137–54; DDoughty, NTS 19, ’73, 163–80.—B. 1166. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

which, what.

which.

which one.

* * *

► pronombre (pl cuales)

1 (precedido de artículo - persona) who, whom

■ entrevistamos a los obreros, los cuales nos informaron adecuadamente we interviewed the workers, who duly informed us

■ la gente a la cual preguntamos the people whom we asked

2 (precedido de artículo - cosa) which

■ la casa tiene un mirador desde el cual se ve el mar the house has a balcony with a view of the sea

■ la ciudad en la cual nací the city where I was born

3 (correlativo) such as

■ descubrimientos cuales los del Renacimiento discoveries such as those made in the Renaissance

► adverbio

1 formal as, like

■ se enamoró cual si tuviese quince años he fell in love like a teenager

\

cada cual everyone, everybody

* * *

1) which

2) who, whom

* * *

1. PRON

1)

a) [aplicado a cosas] which

b) [aplicado a personas] [como sujeto] who; [como objeto] who, whom; [tras preposición] whom

2)

3)

4)

ADV CONJ liter like

ADJ (Jur) said, aforementioned

* * *

1)

a)

b)

2) (en locs)

* * *

= what, which.

Ex. Before examining the two main means of constructing classification schedules it is as well to consider what the objective of the designer of a classification scheme should be.

Ex. There are a number of features of a catalogue or index which benefit from some standardisation.

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* aceptar tal cual = take + Nombre + at face value.

* cada cual por su cuenta = every man for himself.

* con lo cual = whereupon.

* copiar tal cual = lift + wholesale and unmodified.

* ¿cuál es el futuro de? = quo vadis.

* de los cuales = out of which.

* después de lo cual = whereupon.

* el cual = which.

* gracias al cual = whereby.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* saber cúal es la verdad = discern + the truth.

* sea cual fuere = any... whatsoever.

* sea cual fuese = any... whatsoever.

* sea cual sea el criterio utilizado = by any standard(s).

* sean cuales sean = whatever they may be.

* tal cual = unaltered, uncritically, unmodified, unedited, just as, like that, like this.

* tal o cual = such and such.

* tal y cual = such and such.

* * *

1)

a)

b)

2) (en locs)

* * *

* * *

el cual/la cual/los cuales/las cuales (hablando de personas) ( sujeto) who;

( complemento) who, whom ( frml); (hablando de cosas) which

dos señores, con los cuales pasé varios días two gentlemen, who I spent several days with o with whom I spent several days

medidas con las cuales se desestimula el consumo measures with which consumption is discouraged

el motivo por el cual lo hizo the reason why he did it

la regla según la cual … the rule by which …

la mayoría de los cuales (hablando de cosas) most of which; (hablando de personas) most of whom

me presentó al hermano y a un primo, el cual primo resultó ser un plomo he introduced me to his brother and to a cousin, the latter o the cousin turned out to be a real bore

lo cual which

se disgustó, lo cual es natural she got upset, which is only natural

ese día habrá huelga de transportes, por lo cual se ha decidido postergar la reunión there will be a transport strike that day; as a result o therefore o so, it has been decided to postpone the meeting

anunció que ella había ganado, con lo cual se produjo una gran silbatina he announced that she had won, at which point o whereupon there was loud booing

B ( en locs):

cada cual everyone, everybody

que cada cual se ocupe de su equipaje everybody must look after their own luggage, everybody must look after his or her own luggage

allí nos separamos y cada cual se fue por su lado we split up there and each went his separate way o everyone went their separate ways

sea cual sea or sea cual fuera or sea cual fuere: sea cual sea su decisión whatever their decision is o may be

sean cuales fueren sus motivos whatever her motives might be o may be o are

cada cual con su cada cuala ( fam hum); each with his or her partner

tal² (↑ tal (2))

( liter); like

el mar, cual fiera enfurecida … the sea, like a raging beast … ( liter)

cual si tuviese alas as if I had wings

* * *

◊ el/la cuál/los/las cuáles ( hablando de personas) ( sujeto) who;

◊ mis vecinos, a los cuáles no conocía my neighbors who I didn't know o (frml) whom I did not know;

◊ lo cuál which;

◊ cada cual everyone, everybody;

◊ ¿cuál quieres? which (one) do you want?;

* * *

♦ pron relativo

1.

conoció a una española, la cual vivía en Buenos Aires he met a Spanish girl who lived in Buenos Aires;

le extirparon el apéndice, el cual se había inflamado they removed her appendix, which had become inflamed;

hablé con dos profesores, los cuales me explicaron la situación I spoke to two teachers who explained the situation to me;

me encontré con Sandra, a la cual hacía tiempo que no veía I met Sandra, who o Formal whom I hadn't seen for some time;

son dos personas con las cuales me llevo muy bien they're two people I get on very well with, Formal they're two people with whom I get on very well;

hablé con la persona a la cual escribí la semana pasada I spoke with the person who I had written to o Formal to whom I had written last week;

la compañía para la cual trabajo the company I work for, Formal the company for which I work;

un problema para el cual no hay solución a problem to which there is no solution;

una norma según la cual no se puede entrar a mitad de espectáculo a rule stating that you may not enter the auditorium while the show is in progress;

estoy muy cansado, razón por la cual no saldré esta noche I'm very tired, which is why I'm not going out tonight

2.

está muy enfadada, lo cual es comprensible she's very angry, which is understandable;

ha tenido mucho éxito, de lo cual me alegro she's been very successful and I'm very pleased for her;

…de lo cual concluimos que… …from which we can conclude that…;

estaba de muy mal humor, en vista de lo cual no le dije nada seeing as o in view of the fact that she was in a very bad mood, I didn't say anything to her;

por todo lo cual hemos decidido… as a result of which we have decided…;

todo lo cual me hace pensar que no vendrá all of which makes me think he won't come

3. [en frases]

que cada cual extraiga sus conclusiones you may all draw your own conclusions;

sea cual sea o [m5] fuere su decisión whatever his decision (may be);

le conté lo que había pasado y se quedó tal cual I told her what had happened and she didn't bat an eyelid

♦ adv

se revolvió cual fiera herida he writhed around like a wounded beast;

cual padre, tal hijo like father, like son

* * *

I pron rel

el cual, la cual etc cosa which; persona who;

por lo cual (and) so;

tiene dos coches, a cuál más caro he has two cars, both (of them) equally expensive

II adv like;

dejó la habitación tal cual la encontró she left the room just as she found it

* * *

cuál adj

: which, what

¿cuáles libros?: which books?

cual prep

: like, as

cuál pron

1) (in questions) : which (one), what (one)

¿cuál es el mejor?: which one is the best?

¿cuál es tu apellido?: what is your last name?

cuál más, cuál menos : some more, some less

cual pron

el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales : who, whom, which

la razón por la cual lo dije: the reason I said it

lo cual : which

se rió, lo cual me dio rabia: he laughed, which made me mad

cada cual : everyone, everybody

* * *

cual pron

1. (persona) who / whom

2. (cosa) which

1 to announce.

hoy anuncian los resultados the results are announced today

Ella anunció su boda ayer She announce her wedding yesterday.

Ella anunció su candidatura She announced her candidacy.

2 to advertise.

3 to herald.

esas nubes anuncian tormenta by the look of those clouds, it's going to rain

* * *

Conjugation model [ CAMBIAR], like cambiar

► verbo transitivo

1 (avisar) to announce, make public

2 (hacer publicidad) to advertise

► verbo pronominal anunciarse

1 to put an advert (en, in)

* * *

1) to advertise

2) announce

* * *

1. VT

1) (=hacer público) to announce

2) (=convocar) to call

3) (Com) to advertise

4) (=augurar)

5) frm [a una visita] to announce

anunciarse

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) <noticia/decisión> to announce, make... public; <lluvias/tormentas> to forecast

b) (frml) < persona> to announce

2) señal/indicio to herald (frml), to announce

3) < producto> to advertise, promote

anunciarse v pron

a) ( prometer ser) (+ compl)

b) (refl) (frml) persona

* * *

= advertise [advertize, -USA], announce, foreshadow, herald, make + announcement, post, publicise [publicize, -USA], tout, bill.

Ex. A trailer is a short motion picture film consisting of selected scenes from a film to be shown at a future date, used to advertise that film.

Ex. Some revisions have already been announced.

Ex. While in Uganda he authored the Markerere Institute list of subject headings, which foreshadowed his later work at the Hennepin County Library, which he joined in 1971.

Ex. The appearance of a term in a title does not necessarily herald the treatment of the topic at any length in the body of the text.

Ex. A librarian made the announcement that he had in mind that the Library of Congress and about 13 other ARL (Association of Research Libraries) libraries do all of the cataloging for the country.

Ex. A broadside is a separately published piece of paper, printed on one side only and intended to be read unfolded; usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold, e.g. proclamations, handbills, ballad-sheets, news-sheets.

Ex. A variety of extension activities, such as book clubs, competitions and quizzes also help to publicize the stock and the work of the library.

Ex. And may I say parenthetically that two publishers out of the enormous number that are so often touted as belonging to the CIP program are now printing their own homemade and superior cataloging in publication data.

Ex. What was billed a short time ago as the largest merger in the history of publishing, between Reed Elsevier and Wolters Kluwer, collapsed in 1998.

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* anunciar a bombo y platillo = trumpet.

* anunciar a los cuatro vientos = shout + Nombre + from the rooftops, trumpet.

* cuya fecha se anunciará más adelante = at a time to be announced later.

* pendiente de anunciarse = yet to be announced.

* se anunciará = to be announced.

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) <noticia/decisión> to announce, make... public; <lluvias/tormentas> to forecast

b) (frml) < persona> to announce

2) señal/indicio to herald (frml), to announce

3) < producto> to advertise, promote

anunciarse v pron

a) ( prometer ser) (+ compl)

b) (refl) (frml) persona

* * *

* * *

anunciar [A1 ]

1 ‹noticia/decisión› to announce, make … public; ‹lluvias/tormentas› to forecast

nos anunció su decisión he informed us of o told us of his decision, he announced his decision to us

anunció su compromiso matrimonial he announced his engagement

el acto está anunciado para esta tarde the ceremony is due to take place this afternoon

2 ( frml); ‹persona› to announce

¿a quién tengo el gusto de anunciar? whom do I have the pleasure of announcing? ( frml), what name should I say?

B «señal/indicio» to herald ( frml), to announce

el tintineo de llaves que anunciaba su llegada the jingling of keys which announced his arrival

ese cielo gris anuncia tormenta that gray sky heralds o presages a storm ( liter), that gray sky means there is a storm coming

C ‹producto› to advertise, promote

1 (prometer ser) (+ compl):

la temporada de ópera se anuncia interesante the opera season promises to be interesting

el fin de semana se anuncia lluvioso the weekend looks like being wet, it looks as if the weekend will be wet

2 ( refl) ( frml)

«persona»: sírvase anunciarse en recepción ( frml); kindly report to reception ( frml)

siempre se anunciaba dando un timbrazo largo he always announced his arrival by giving a long ring on the doorbell

* * *

a) ‹noticia/decisión› to announce, make … public;

b) (frml) ‹ persona› to announce

c) ‹ producto› to advertise, promote

* * *

♦ vt

1. [notificar] to announce;

hoy anuncian los resultados the results are announced today;

me anunció su llegada por teléfono he phoned to tell me that he would be coming;

anunció que no podría venir she told us she wouldn't be able to come

2. [hacer publicidad de] to advertise

3. [presagiar] to herald;

esas nubes anuncian tormenta by the look of those clouds, there's a storm on the way;

los primeros brotes anunciaban la primavera the first shoots heralded the spring

♦ See also the pronominal verb anunciarse

* * *

1 announce

2 COM advertise

* * *

anunciar vt

1) : to announce

2) : to advertise

* * *

anunciar vb

1. (noticia) to announce

2. (producto) to advertise

1) General subject: this means that

2) Mathematics: that is to say that, what this means is